Journal of Pedagogical Sociology and Psychology
Security, status and freedom: Three separable value orientations in family study-abroad decisions, invariant across parents and students
Karan Gupta 1 *
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1 Karan Gupta Consulting, Mumbai, India
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Journal of Pedagogical Sociology and Psychology, 2026 - Volume 8 Issue 3, Article No: e48651
https://doi.org/10.33902/JPSP.202648651

Article Type: Research Article

Published Online: 25 Sep 2026

Views: 13 | Downloads: 5

ABSTRACT
Family decisions about international higher education are usually studied through the mechanics of choice rather than the values that motivate them. This study asks whether three recurring orientations — Security, Status and Freedom — are empirically separable priorities within family study-abroad decisions, and whether they are measured equivalently by parents and students. The three are advanced as recurring orientations in this decision context, not as an exhaustive taxonomy of motivation. Responses came from 1,802 Indian students and parents (1,001 students and 801 parents, including 801 complete parent–student dyads) recruited through 56 institutions. The sample was split by family into calibration and validation halves, so no family informed both factor discovery and confirmation. Confirmatory, invariance and latent-mean models used ordered-categorical weighted least squares estimation, with maximum likelihood as a sensitivity analysis. In the held-out validation half a three-factor model fitted acceptably, while a one-factor model was decisively rejected and every two-factor collapse fitted poorly. Thresholds and loadings were fully invariant across parents and students, a result that held across 20 one-respondent-per-family subsamples. Parents weighted Security and Status more heavily than students did, a difference corroborated in a multiple-indicators multiple-causes specification; the differences were small in magnitude, and Freedom did not differ. Freedom accompanied greater decision clarity, and Security and Status greater strain. The three orientations are distinguishable and role-comparable, permitting parent and student scores to be compared on a common metric. The Security–Status–Freedom Orientation Scale (SSF-OS) should nevertheless be regarded as a promising preliminary instrument rather than a validated one: average variance extracted fell below the conventional benchmark, the outcome measures were study-developed, and further content, temporal and incremental validation is required before individual-level counselling use.
KEYWORDS
family decision-making international higher education measurement invariance parent–student dyads value orientations
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In-text citation: (Gupta, 2026)
Reference: Gupta, K. (2026). Security, status and freedom: Three separable value orientations in family study-abroad decisions, invariant across parents and students. Journal of Pedagogical Sociology and Psychology, 8(3), e48651. https://doi.org/10.33902/JPSP.202648651
In-text citation: (1), (2), (3), etc.
Reference: Gupta K. Security, status and freedom: Three separable value orientations in family study-abroad decisions, invariant across parents and students. Journal of Pedagogical Sociology and Psychology. 2026;8(3), e48651. https://doi.org/10.33902/JPSP.202648651
In-text citation: (1), (2), (3), etc.
Reference: Gupta K. Security, status and freedom: Three separable value orientations in family study-abroad decisions, invariant across parents and students. Journal of Pedagogical Sociology and Psychology. 2026;8(3):e48651. https://doi.org/10.33902/JPSP.202648651
In-text citation: (Gupta, 2026)
Reference: Gupta, Karan. "Security, status and freedom: Three separable value orientations in family study-abroad decisions, invariant across parents and students". Journal of Pedagogical Sociology and Psychology 2026 8 no. 3 (2026): e48651. https://doi.org/10.33902/JPSP.202648651
In-text citation: (Gupta, 2026)
Reference: Gupta, K. (2026). Security, status and freedom: Three separable value orientations in family study-abroad decisions, invariant across parents and students. Journal of Pedagogical Sociology and Psychology, 8(3), e48651. https://doi.org/10.33902/JPSP.202648651
In-text citation: (Gupta, 2026)
Reference: Gupta, Karan "Security, status and freedom: Three separable value orientations in family study-abroad decisions, invariant across parents and students". Journal of Pedagogical Sociology and Psychology, vol. 8, no. 3, 2026, e48651. https://doi.org/10.33902/JPSP.202648651
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